Longtime homeowners may be sitting on a gold mine: home equity. There are many ways to draw on that equity to meet a variety of needs. This article addresses two: refinancing and home equity loans. A third option, reverse mortgages, will be explained in our next Housing & Homecare Options section in April. © Robert Kneschke | Dreamstime.com

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A debt-free retirement has been the ideal scenario for so long that older adults often overlook a valuable financial resource: their home.

Collectively, homeowners age 62 and older have a record $6.5 trillion of “tappable” equity, according to data analytics firm Black Knight. Individually, home equity accounts for more than a quarter to almost half of the median net worth of retirees, depending on age, according to the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.

Many financial planners believe tapping that wealth in retirement or just before makes sense if done wisely. For instance, the money can be used for some laudable goals: to pay off higher-priced credit card debt, remodel a home with features to help you age in place, delay taking Social Security until you qualify for the maximum payout, buy long-term care insurance, or pay the tax bill for a Roth conversion.

The ultimate way to cash in on that equity is to sell your home and downsize or rent the next one. But most retirees don’t want to move, and even if they do, downsizing in today’s heated housing market presents its own challenges.

The alternative is to borrow from your home equity with your home as collateral. You can refinance an existing mortgage and take cash out, borrow with a home equity loan or line of credit, or apply for a reverse mortgage. Each option comes with opportunities, limits and costs.

First, prove you qualify

Lenders can’t discriminate against you based on your age, but you must prove you have the income and assets to repay a loan. [See “Retired? Good luck getting a mortgage,” in the October Baltimore Beacon, or on our website.]

A lender will ask for documentation including copies of award letters (for Social Security or a pension), payment stubs, recent savings or investment account statements, and 1099 forms for the past two tax years.

Lenders generally want to see a “two-year history and three-year future” for most income sources, according to LendingTree.

Generally, borrowers with higher credit scores and lower loan-to-home-value ratios get the best rates. Reverse mortgages work a bit differently, requiring underwriting but no credit score.

No matter how you tap your home’s equity, you’ll pay closing costs including the lender’s origination fee plus fees for third-party services, such as the appraisal, title work and recording the lien with the county.

The fees can be paid out of pocket or rolled into the loan. You’ll have a three-day cooling-off period after closing in case you change your mind.

Cash-out refinancing

Most seniors with home equity are candidates for refinancing because the rate on their first mortgage is significantly above the market average, according to Black Knight. By refinancing, they can improve their rate and take cash out.

In a cash-out refinance, the existing mortgage is replaced with a new, larger one that reflects the home’s current appraised value. You can take cash out of the difference up to a limit.

In late November, the national average fixed rate hit an all-time low of 2.72% for 30-year mortgages and 2.28% for 15-year mortgages, according to Freddie Mac. The rate on a cash-out refinance will be about an eighth to a quarter of a percentage point higher than for a no-cash-out refinancing, said Adam Smith, a mortgage broker in Denver.

Lenders will let you borrow up to 80% of your home’s value, including the new mortgage and the cash you take (75% for a second home or investment property).

With a loan-to-value ratio of 80% or less, you’ll avoid the cost of private mortgage insurance. If you have any other home equity debt, you must pay it off or roll it into the new mortgage up to the limit.

Your monthly mortgage payment, including the principal, interest, property taxes, hazard insurance and any homeowners’ association fees, should consume no more than 28% of your monthly gross income.

Closing costs are typically 2% to 6% of the new loan amount. Use the Tri-Refi calculator (hsh.com/refinance-calculator) to determine whether it’s better to pay out of pocket or roll the cost into the loan or interest rate.

Home equity loan options

A home equity loan, also called a second mortgage, provides a lump sum payout that may work well for a one-time expense, such as a specific home project or car purchase. It offers the predictability of a fixed rate of interest and repayment in equal monthly payments over a term of five to 20 years.

A home equity line of credit (HELOC) is a revolving line of credit that you can tap whenever you like by using a check, a credit or debit card connected to the account, or an electronic transfer. You’ll incur a variable rate of interest on any outstanding balance.

You could use the HELOC to pay for completed phases of a remodeling project, for ongoing or variable expenses, such as medical bills, or just keep funds available for an emergency.

Be aware that lenders may reduce, freeze or cancel lines of credit if they anticipate or experience a rising number of defaults, as they did during the Great Recession. Despite the pandemic, lenders haven’t yet curtailed borrowing for existing lines of credit, said Keith Gumbinger, vice president at HSH.com. However, JPMorgan Chase and Wells Fargo stopped taking applications for new HELOCs this past spring and had not resumed by early December.

Don’t wait to apply until your home is under construction, unoccupied or for sale, or has lots of deferred maintenance or damage because it will no longer qualify as collateral, Garcia said.

HELOCs provide an initial withdrawal period, usually 10 years, when you can borrow up to your limit. During that time, you may choose to make a minimum payment — typically 1% to 2% of the loan balance — or an interest-only payment if you qualify. You can usually prepay more without penalty. As you repay principal, your available credit is replenished.

Many lenders offer a “loan within a line” type of HELOC. During the draw period, you can convert all or part of your outstanding balance from a variable to a fixed rate, usually a limited number of times, and repay that portion over a term of up to 20 years.

After the draw period ends, you must begin making principal and interest payments, typically over 10 to 20 years. Look for a fully amortized repayment plan that will completely pay off your balance by the end of the term, without requiring a balloon payment.

If you pay only interest throughout the draw period, you could get hit with a substantially larger payment. To avoid that, pay off the balance in full or refinance into a new HELOC before the repayment period begins.

How to get the best rate

In early December, the average fixed rate for a home-equity loan with a 10- or 15-year term was 5.6%, and the average variable rate for a HELOC was 4.5% (with a loan or line amount of $30,000, a FICO score of 700 and a combined loan-to-value ratio of 80%), according to Bankrate.com.

Some lenders will offer a lower, introductory HELOC rate to qualified borrowers. Make sure you know how long it lasts and what your new rate will be when the introductory period ends.

You may qualify for a discount of 0.25% or 0.5% on the rate if you already have or open a deposit account with the lender, sign up for automatic payments, or agree to pay an annual fee of, say, $50. Look for a rate cap to keep borrowing costs manageable.

Closing costs for a home equity loan or line of credit can run about 2% to 5% of the loan amount. In exchange for a “no-cost” offer, you’ll either pay a higher interest rate, or the lender will impose a penalty if you close the loan or line prematurely. Pay special attention to miscellaneous fees for such things as inactivity or a minimum balance.

Begin shopping wherever you currently have a bank account, but check other lenders for current rates and offers or request personalized quotes. Then use calculators at bankrate.com, hsh.com or lendingtree.com to run what-if scenarios.

Can you deduct the interest?

The cost of tapping your equity may be reduced on your federal tax return. If you itemize, interest on up to $750,000 of mortgage or home equity debt ($375,000 if you’re married and file separately) is deductible to the extent that the money was used to buy, build or improve your home. (Higher limits of $1 million and $500,000 apply if you acquired the debt before Dec. 16, 2017.) If you refinance, take cash out and pay for a car or vacation, the interest on that amount can’t be deducted.

The interest accrued on a reverse mortgage won’t be deductible until you repay the loan, typically when you leave the house and it’s sold. To qualify for the deduction, the money must have been used to “buy, build or substantially improve” the home.

© Kiplinger Washington Editors, Inc. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.